ENGLISH
The English curriculum at Williams seeks to develop students’ critical reading, writing, and speaking skills, and to foster an appreciation of literature.
Students learn to read actively by underlining and taking notes on the works, responding in reading journals, and referring to the text to support their opinions in discussion. Practice is given in finding main ideas, locating supporting details, drawing inferences, distinguishing fact from opinion, and building vocabulary. The writing program emphasizes the importance of drafting, revising, and proofreading.
Grade 7
This course emphasizes the development of writing and critical reading skills. Students use computers to draft and polish their papers for both creative and analytical assignments. Instruction includes lessons on spelling, punctuation, grammar, and vocabulary, as well as content revision. Students read novels, short stories, poetry, and one play. The literature often involves themes of diversity and coming of age; frequently units coordinate with history lessons.
Grade 8
Students build on the reading and writing skills developed in seventh grade. They continue to draft their papers on the computer and learn how to edit and revise effectively. They become more proficient at writing analytical essays that trace character development or explore symbolism, and yet they have ample opportunity to write stories and poems. Students examine a variety of literary genres and study Shakespeare for the first time.
English I (Grade 9)
Freshmen begin a more formal study of literary genres and techniques. They read both classic and modern works, including The Odyssey, Oedipus the King, Twelfth Night, and To Kill a Mockingbird, and examine the elements of classical tragedy and neoclassical comedy. Students write essays frequently and spend an entire quarter learning how to produce a research paper.
English II (Grade 10)
Sophomores study representative works of British literature and examine how each relates to the time period in which it was written. Among the texts are Canterbury Tales, Macbeth, Jane Eyre, and Brave New World. Major topics include order and disorder in society, irony and satire, imperialism, and the power of language. In addition to frequent papers, students write an essay that incorporates elements of literary criticism.
English III (Grade 11)
The first quarter of this course offers students a workshop approach to improving their writing. Students take their papers through many drafts, from freewriting to polishing, and focus on clarity of expression as well as audience and purpose. Assignments emphasize narrative, persuasive, and analytical writing. The remaining three quarters are devoted to the study of American literature. Students read such works as The Scarlet Letter, Death of a Salesman, and Song of Solomon. Frequent writing assignments coordinate with the literature.
English IV (Grade 12)
The first quarter of this course is devoted to the study of Hamlet and supplementary texts. Students then choose electives to run through second, third, and fourth quarters. As always, students develop and polish their writing skills through a variety of analytical and creative assignments. Although no section is specifically designated an AP section, English IV prepares all students to take the AP exam if they so desire.
English Electives
Other Gods and Other Monsters (Grade 12)
Beginning with the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, this course will focus on challenges to identity. The meeting of differing cultures, through immigration, colonization or creation provoke questions about values and fulfillment, especially in terms of conflicting ideals. The works read will be taken from a range of times and traditions: Shakespeare to Milton, Wilde, and Suzan-Lori Parks.
Writing as Readers (Grade 12)
Through examining the intricacies of the reading process, students will practice the art of writing in a number of different genres, including short fiction, poetry, review, stream of consciousness, and creative nonfiction. Frequently utilizing the workshop setting, we will analyze and critique the work of published authors as well as the work of students in the class. Students will develop their understanding of writing and control over language, ultimately using computer software to write, produce, and broadcast radio essays modeled after NPR’s This American Life. We will read Cormac McCarthy, Virginia Woolf, Michael Pollan, Seamus Heaney, Raymond Carver, Elizabeth Bishop, and others. Enrollment in this course requires permission from the Department Head.
Psychology and Literature (Grade 12)
In this class we will use psychology as a lens through which we can more accurately view and understand the portraits of humanity offered by literature. The essential question of the course will be “Why do people do what they do?” Thus, we will examine characters and their motivations, borrowing terminology from the fields of social and behavioral psychology to address issues of greed, violence, immorality, asceticism, monomania, and cruelty. Students will read novels, plays, and nonfiction, specifically writing by Kesey, Albee, McCarthy, Stevenson, Fitzgerald, Krakauer, Sartre and others, all the while completing analytical and personal essays and several creative projects.
Strange Plays (Grade 12)
The experimental plays of the modern period and their contemporary descendants will serve as the focus of this course. In particular, we will examine the formal innovations of modernism and apply them to a study of works by contemporary American playwrights. In each case, a play from the earlier period will be set against a work from the present era in order to highlight the formal similarities. The various “—isms”: realism, aestheticism, absurdism, expressionism, as well as epic theatre, will of necessity be explored in detail. The works of Strindberg, Shepard, Wilde, Ionesco, Brecht, Wolfe, and Parks will serve as the foundation of the course. A willingness to act and stage short scenes will be a requirement. Writing exercises will include analysis and imitation of various styles.
At Williams two modern languages, French and Spanish, are taught up to the Advanced Placement standard.
Students are encouraged to develop the four basic communicative skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In addition, students are exposed to numerous aspects of the cultures in which their new language is spoken and are thereby encouraged to become more reflective about their own linguistic and cultural heritage.
In addition to curricular options, the department organizes events such as assemblies and trips to France and Spain to enhance the immersive cultural
FRENCH
French I
(Open to students in Grade 8 and higher)
Students with limited or no prior exposure to French may begin this fast-paced elementary course. The class will use the text, Bien dit! and the interactive website created by its publisher. The vocabulary content is theme-based and includes numbers, days of the week, months of the year, time, weather, family members, classroom and school necessities, clothing, foods, chores, and places. The basic grammar focuses on: the present tense of all three categories of regular verbs and an introduction to the past tense; many common irregular verbs; the near future and recent past; adjectival forms, including possessives and demonstratives; and various formations of the negative and interrogative. Classroom activities include dialogues, songs, games, Internet searches and CD-ROM exercises.
French II
This class makes use of the second-year text of the Bien dit! program. Over the course of the year students will greatly increase their grammatical repertoire and continue to expand their range of vocabulary and cultural knowledge. A wide variety of activities are employed in order to help students strengthen their competency in all four communicative skill areas. The year begins with an extensive review of the grammar structures taught in level one and goes on to introduce more verb families, teach the imperfect tense and compare its uses with the passé composé, and present the future tense. Vocabulary units will include household items and tasks, leisure and routine activities, travel, personal care, and medical problems and treatment.
French III and French III Honors
This course covers a wide range of cultural themes and related vocabulary. These include everyday life, leisure activities, values, history, and arts and sciences. Grammatical study comprises a review of structures presented in previous years along with the introduction of such new elements as compound tenses, the conditional and subjunctive moods, and various types of pronouns. Students are asked to write essays, role-play, and deliver presentations on a wide range of topics. A final aspect of this course is the study of authentic readings, such as extracts from newspaper and magazine articles and from works of literature. An honors section will always move at a faster pace, and students will be expected to perform to more rigorous standards.
French IV and French IV Honors
The syllabus of this course allows for some flexibility in order to accommodate the interests and skill level of the students. If there are sufficient numbers to occasion an honors section, the curriculum will entail greater rigor and anticipate more directly an AP syllabus the following year. In any event, students will be introduced to the formal study of literature; works may include Le Petit Prince, Huis Clos, and a selection of short stories and poems. These works serve as the basis for discussions, analytical papers, and vocabulary expansion. Written expression is honed through advanced grammar exercises and frequent journal entries, and oral skills are further enhanced through presentations, poetry recitations, and dramatic stagings. Students may also have the opportunity to see several French films and to read about and discuss news items and aspects of social and political life in francophone countries.
French V (Honors)
Frequent personal responses and short essays are staples of this course, as are daily open discussions and numerous presentations to the class by each student. Literary and cultural readings are used as a vehicle for discussion as well as for vocabulary expansions and grammar review where needed. Such readings may include short stories, poetry, a play, interviews with famous Francophone personalities, and newspaper or Internet articles dealing with current events and social concerns. Films and guest speakers complement the curriculum, whenever possible. This course may be taught to a more rigorous honors-level standard depending upon the composition of the class.
Advanced Placement French V
Once again the syllabus chosen for this level will depend on the composition of the class. In any case, the program will prepare students for the AP examination in French Language and will reflect intellectual interests shared by the students and the teacher. The course will include a variety of source materials, all designed to develop to an advanced level the fluency and accuracy of the class’s written and spoken skills. Source materials include literary works, newspaper and magazine articles, films and video clips, and Internet research. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
At Williams two modern languages, French and Spanish, are taught up to the Advanced Placement standard.
Students entering the school in seventh grade are encouraged to develop the four basic communicative skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In addition, students are exposed to numerous aspects of the cultures in which their new language is spoken and are thereby encouraged to become more reflective about their own linguistic and cultural heritage.
In addition to curricular options, the department organizes events such as assemblies and trips to France and Spain to enhance the immersive cultural
SPANISH
Grade 7
This introductory Spanish course is the first half of level one. The course covers the present tense of the three regular verb families and a number of important irregulars; subject pronouns; adjective usage and agreement; idiomatic verbal expressions; and other basic structures. Vocabulary topics include conversation expressions, personal description, numbers, dates, school and after school activities, family, weather, food, and sports. Small Spanish projects are done throughout the year, such as postcards, autobiographical mirrors, and family trees. Students are introduced to various Hispanic cultures through readings as well as a major project on a Latin American country. Classroom activities include cultural videos, dialogues and skits, songs, and games.
Grade 8
After a thorough review of the material covered in the seventh grade, the students complete the mastery of most verb patterns in the present tense and are introduced to the preterite (or past) tense. Thematic vocabulary revolves around summer and winter pastimes, health and illness, cultural activities, clothes shopping, and dining out, while new grammatical structures, such as object pronouns, continue to be added. Cultural enrichment includes a project on an aspect of Mexican geography or culture, a paper and presentation on a region of Spain, and subscription to a language magazine. Creative work, both oral and written, and the use of videos with native speakers round out the syllabus of this course, the completion of which is equivalent to one year of high-school Spanish.
Spanish I
(Open to students in Grade 8 and higher)
This is an accelerated level one course for students who are either beginners or who have not had enough prior exposure to be placed in Spanish II. The class will use the same text employed in grades seven and eight and will cover in one year the grammar and most of the vocabulary that are taught over two years in Spanish 7 and 8.
Spanish II
This course begins with an extensive review of Spanish I grammatical structures and vocabulary. Our textbook and accompanying website expand upon these concepts and introduce the imperfect and future tenses along with other new structures. Students continue to broaden their vocabulary with thematic units, which include driving and traveling, accidents and illness, cooking, and shopping. Podcast listening, TPR storytelling and the study of two such novels, preparing and presenting PowerPoint projects, reading authentic news articles, and engaging in frequent discussions help students build proficiency in all four communicative areas while also exposing them to various aspects of the Hispanic world.
Spanish III
This course focuses on such grammatical topics as the conditional and subjunctive moods as well as the compound tenses of the indicative. Listening and speaking continue to be stressed, but emphasis is also placed on students’ written expression, with frequent journal entries on a variety of themes. Cultural readings serve to expand students’ vocabulary and to familiarize them with diverse Hispanic cultures. Finally, students put their Spanish into practice with a range of small projects, presentations, and dialogues.
Spanish III Honors
Selected for this class on teacher recommendation, students follow the same program but at a faster pace and with literary as well as cultural readings. In addition, a greater amount of vocabulary is presented and grammar is studied in greater detail in order to prepare the students for a more rigorous program at higher levels. To strengthen their writing ability, students are required to craft a number of compositions on a variety of topics, and they will also use the Internet to research various social and cultural themes.
Spanish IV Honors
In addition to many of the activities undertaken in regular Spanish IV, students in this section receive more rigorous preparation in anticipation of the AP course the following year. They are introduced to the skills of literary analysis through the study of a variety of short stories by leading Spanish and Latin American authors, and a premium is placed on precision in both spoken and written expression. Written proficiency is refined through advanced grammar study, intensive vocabulary expansion, and a series of formal essays, while oral skills are enhanced through presentations, discussions of historical and current events, poetry recitations, and the staging of a movie scene. The study of civilization and literature culminates in the fourth quarter with units on Mexican migrant workers in the U.S. and Spain’s Civil War.
Spanish IV/V
This two-year course aims to help students refine their communicative skills in Spanish while exposing them to the realities of present-day life in Spain and especially Latin America. Contemporary readings and films provide the basis for lessons and discussions, always with an eye toward gaining a greater understanding and appreciation of Spanish-speaking cultures around the world and here in the United States. This study of readings and films also allows for extensive acquisition of vocabulary, review of the fundamentals of grammar, and a variety of speaking, writing, and research activities. The course is organized thematically, with roughly five principal themes studied each year.
Advanced Placement Spanish V
This course is the equivalent of a fifth-semester college Spanish class and will prepare students for the AP Spanish Language examination. Its precise syllabus may vary from year to year, based in part upon the composition and skill level of the class as well as the intellectual and cultural interests of the students and the instructor. It will always include a variety of source materials such as major works of literature (short stories, poems, a novel, and a one-act play), cultural readings, newscasts, music, and films. Grammar practice as needed, intensive vocabulary review and expansion, and fine-tuning of written and oral expression through frequent informal and formal exercises, aim to raise the students’ overall proficiency and fluency in both daily-life and academic settings. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
The Classics specifically refers to the study of Latin and ancient Greek. The Classics program teaches these languages, and through them an expanded English vocabulary, a better understanding of English grammar, an appreciation of the ancient societies which have influenced our own in the areas of government, law, art and literature, and self-discipline with regard to study habits. It is the philosophy of the Classics Department that the learning of a language is a continuous process, so our program in Latin and Greek takes four or five consecutive years to complete. The first result of this process is that a Classics student reads Latin with relative ease and has a foundation in Greek grammar. A further result is that an advanced student can read Latin authors and so appreciate some of the finest Western literature in the original language.
Latin I (Grade 8)
This course introduces the basic grammar and vocabulary of Latin. The basic text used is Ecce Romani I, which covers six tenses of Latin verbs, five declensions of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and basic vocabulary. In addition to the basic grammar of Latin, students learn how to translate from Latin into English and English into Latin so that their understanding of this inflected language is improved. They begin their study of Roman culture, society, history, religion and art. Finally, the students learn the relevance of Latin to our society through discussions in class about vocabulary, and other topics such as art and government. The goals of this course are for the students to have a basic understanding of the inflection of Latin, a working vocabulary, comfort with translating at the Latin I level, study skills that will allow a student to be successful at learning Latin, and an appreciation of Roman society and culture.
Latin II (Grade 9)
Students continue to learn the grammar and vocabulary of Latin using Ecce Romani II and supplementary materials. Topics covered include the active and passive voice, the subjunctive mood and its constructions, ablative constructions, special verbs and conditional clauses. By the end of the course, students have been introduced to the majority of the grammar of Latin and have acquired a good basic vocabulary. When the students are comfortable with their ability at translation at this level, they begin to read more difficult Latin and practice sight-reading. In addition, students continue their study of Roman history, culture and mythology. The goals of this course are for students to be comfortable with Latin grammar, to have a good working vocabulary and competence at reading Latin at this level so that they are ready to begin reading a variety of authors at the next level.
Classical Languages III (Grade 10)
Using Ecce Romani III and other supplemental texts, students continue their study of Latin by reading excerpts from several authors including Caesar, Cicero and Pliny. As students encounter their first unaltered Latin texts, they work on learning some of the finer points of Latin grammar, and continue to build their Latin vocabulary. Students are also introduced to the basic grammar and vocabulary of ancient Greek using the text Athenazae, Part I. Students are introduced to the first three declensions of nouns, regular, irregular and contract verbs in the present tense, active and middle voices, adjectives, present active and middle participles, pronouns, and vocabulary. Students also begin to study ancient Greek culture, history and society through the translations used in this text. The goals of this course are to introduce students to the other classical language—ancient Greek, and to move students into the study of a Roman author in such a way that through the study of that author’s work, they come to a fuller understanding of the Roman world.
Classical Languages IV Honors/Classical Languages IV
(Grade 11)
Students continue their experience in Latin by translating letters and excerpts from the orations and treatises written by Cicero, the 1st century B.C.E. Roman orator and statesman. As they work through these texts, the students continue to build their vocabulary and to learn further fine points of Latin grammar. They also engage in discussions and analyses of the text in its ancient context and in the context of their experiences. Students continue their study of ancient Greek in the Athenazae series. The goals of this course are for students to continue to improve their reading ability in Latin and to complete their study of the basic grammar and vocabulary of ancient Greek. The material covered in this course is adjusted to meet the needs of the students in the course. The honors level course moves at a more rigorous pace and so covers more material.
Advanced Placement Latin (Grade 12)
Students translate selections from Vergil’s Aeneid and Caesar’s Gallic War as set by the College Board and read both works in their entirety in English. In addition to the translation and resulting close reading of the Latin selections, students analyze and interpret the texts, learn the meter used by Vergil and the figures of speech and motifs employed by both authors, and compare the two works by placing them in their historical and political context. Finally, students write critical essays using the Latin text as support for their arguments. This course requires summer reading and work over the school vacations. Students are expected to take the AP exam in May. (Please be advised than an AP exam fee applies.)
HISTORY
The History Department aims to introduce students to the heritage of our past, particularly Western Civilization, and to extend their sense of the political and economic world in which they live.
The courses provide fundamental factual material in the context of broad trends in human development. All courses include a strong emphasis on geography. Students are taught how to do research and how to organize, analyze, and present historical material.
U.S. History (Grade 7)
Students gain an understanding of significant events in early American History through a chronological survey beginning with pre-Columbian times and ending with the Civil War. Major topics include Exploration and Settlement; the American Revolution; the Constitution; and the Civil War. In addition, study skills, including note taking, time management, essay writing, and test taking, will be an integral part of this course.
Geography (Grade 8)
Through the study of the Five Themes of Geography (Place, Region, Movement, Interaction with the Environment, and Location), this course will cover the following geographical topics: the geographical features of various countries, similarities and differences between various cultures, and the development and downfall of past cultures. The class will discuss different cultures, how they developed, and the similarities and differences between the American culture and other world cultures. Students will write two 8–10 page research papers and create one PowerPoint presentation on various countries and cultures.
Ancient World History (Grade 9)
This elective course will cover the span of time from prehistory to 1300. The study of various civilizations will include Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, Islamic empires, the Americas, the Byzantine Empire, Medieval Europe, and the Mongol Empire. In this course, students will study and compare the political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, and artistic developments that shaped the Ancient World.
Modern World History (Grade 10)
Students will gain an understanding of the major events in world history from 1300 to the present. Influential empires and nations in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas will be examined, focusing on major political, cultural, religious, economic, and social influences. Students will study the diversity of world cultures, as well as the growing interrelationships that dominate the world today. Special emphasis will be placed on global interaction and conflict arising from trade, exploration, and conquest.
U.S. History (Grade 11)
Students will study the major forces and events in U.S. history, focusing on the period of 1740–1980. Major topics include: the Constitution; the Civil War; the Industrial Revolution; the reform movements of Populism, Progressivism, the New Deal, and World War II; and the United States as an international power. Students will write a term paper on a topic of the 20th Century and show its impact on American culture.
Advanced Placement U.S. History (Grade 11)
Advanced Placement U.S. History surveys the entire span of American History, from the colonial period to the end of the twentieth century. The AP level is more demanding, and is designed to be equivalent to an introductory college course. Practice exercises and sample tests are included to prepare students for the AP exam, which all students enrolled in this course must take. Students will complete a research project in lieu of a final exam. Department Head permission is required. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
HISTORY ELECTIVES
History electives are designed to give seniors an opportunity to study a more focused topic after having taken broad survey courses in the 10th and 11th grades. History electives also allow teachers to pursue in depth particular areas of study in which they have special interest and expertise. There are both whole year and semester electives. The final determination about which history electives are offered, and in the case of semester courses, whether they will be offered in the Fall or Spring, will be based on student enrollment. History electives are open to 11th graders by permission of the instructor and if scheduling permits.
Full-Year Electives
Modern German History (Grades 11–12)
In this elective course, students will undertake an in-depth study of the events and highlights of modern German history from 1815 through World War II, with a particular focus on developments pointing toward the emergence of National Socialism. The course will conclude with a discussion of recent developments in the Federal Republic of Germany.
The Pursuit of Freedom (Grades 11–12)
This course examines the history of African-Americans from tribal Africa to the present. Topics include tribal kingdoms, the slave trade, slavery in the Americas, emancipation, reconstruction, the Jim Crow era, the civil rights and black power movements, and current events. Students will use a textbook, the miniseries Roots, music recordings and special class projects to understand and appreciate the resiliency of African-Americans.
Semester Electives
Current Issues in Government (Grades 11–12)
This course begins with an analysis of the U.S. Constitution and the three branches of government. It will then examine various domestic issues that face voters today. Students will research opposing perspectives on issues in preparation for class debates and short papers. Students will also follow throughout the semester the major Congressional votes, presidential policy changes, and Supreme Court decisions in the news. The course will conclude with a research project on issues selected by each student. Semester Course—1/2 credit.
Modern Middle East (Grades 11–12)
Why is the Middle East so important in the world today, and why is it such a volatile region? In this course, students will examine major developments in the Middle East from 1914 to the present. This dramatic story includes wars, revolutions, new political and religious ideologies, famous and infamous leaders, the Israel-Palestine conflict, the importance of oil, and more. Special attention will be paid to the role of the U.S. in the Middle East. Semester Course—1/2 credit.
Economics (Grades 11–12)
Students will look at the choices society makes to allocate scarce resources. Macroeconomics topics include money and banking, taxing, and capital formation; microeconomics will focus on market structure and pricing. Students will gain an understanding of the stock market and its role in the U.S. and world economies. Discussion of current events will be integral to the course. Spring Semester only—1/2 credit.
History of the Sixties (Grades 11–12)
This course introduces students to the political, economic, cultural and social issues of modern American society by focusing on the turbulent and dynamic 1960’s. Students evaluate the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, American involvement in Vietnam, and the successes and frustration of the Civil Rights Movement. Moreover, students are exposed to popular culture (art and music), the pivotal year, 1968, and various movements throughout the decade. Class activities include small and large group discussions, oral presentations, role-playing simulations, projects and guest speakers. In addition to formal assessments of tests and quizzes, students are expected to keep a journal and to complete a major research project. Fall Semester only—1/2 credit.
MATHEMATICS
It is the goal of the Mathematics Department to accomplish at least five objectives in its courses: to show that mathematics is not merely a subject for rote memorization but is, in fact, a logical system; to prepare its students adequately for future work in mathematics; to instill in its students an understanding and an appreciation of the basic processes of mathematics; to integrate the tools of technology in a working partnership with theory and applications; and ultimately to meet the entrance requirements of the major colleges and universities. Placement in the appropriate course is made by the department. All students in courses from Algebra II (Grade 9) on are required to own a graphing calculator.
Prealgebra (Grade 7-8)
This course is designed to strengthen and expand the student’s background in the fundamentals of arithmetic, as well as to prepare the student for the study of algebra. Properties of real number systems, binary and decimal numeration, operations with real number systems, problem solving, percentage, geometry, statistics, operations with variables and solutions of simple algebraic equations are included.
Algebra I (Grades 8-9)
In this course, students will study the basic concepts of algebra through the topic of elementary quadratics. These topics include a thorough study of polynomials. Attention is also given to linear functions and systems of linear equations and inequalities. A lab pack of graphing calculators is available for use in the study of graphing and solutions of systems.
Algebra II (Grade 9)
Algebra II stresses algebraic skills, applications, and critical thinking skills. Students will learn algebraic concepts set in real life contexts. Data analysis and mathematical modeling, using graphic calculator technology, will be emphasized in problem solving. The curriculum includes a review and expansion of algebraic concepts and skills and emphasizes the concept of functions, including linear, quadratic, exponential, rational, and logarithmic functions. Writing about mathematics, as a tool for understanding concepts and theory, also will be included in the curriculum. The graphic calculator is fully integrated into the curriculum.
Honors Algebra II (Grade 9)
This course covers the same topics as Algebra II but in more depth, at a faster pace and with less emphasis on a review of Algebra I skills. More responsibility is placed on the student. Additional topics may include a study of conic sections, sequences and series, and probability.
Geometry (Grade 10)
This course in plane and solid geometry evolves primarily as a deductive system. However, it explores new concepts inductively through the software program The Geometer’s SketchPad. Tools of compass, straight edge and protractor are also used in helping a student make a conjecture from examples. Topics include: congruency, inequality, similarity, parallelism, quadrilaterals, properties of right triangles and right triangle trigonometry, regular polygons and the circle, areas of plane figures, and areas and volume of solids. A research project is required during fourth quarter.
Honors Geometry (Grade 10)
This course covers the concepts of Geometry in more depth and at a faster pace. More responsibility is placed on the student. Additional topics of transformations, concurrency and coordinate geometry are included. Students are required to read Flatland, and a formal research paper is required in the fourth quarter.
Intermediate Algebra (Grade 11)
This course is sequential to Algebra I (9) and covers topics similar to those in Algebra II, but it employs a different text.
Precalculus (Grades 11-12)
Preparation for calculus is accomplished through a thorough study of polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions, fully integrating the graphing calculator. The study includes basic characteristics, transformations, models and applications of these functions.
Honors Precalculus (Grade 11)
This course covers the same topics as Precalculus in greater depth, at a faster pace, and with more responsibility placed on the student. Additional topics of analytic geometry and limits are included.
Differential Calculus (Grade 12)
Differential calculus, as well as analytic geometry, is presented in this course with the objective of preparing the student for a college calculus course. Content includes the following topics: continuity; limits; derivatives and their applications; indefinite and finite integrals and their applications; and transcendental functions.
Advanced Placement Calculus AB (Grade 12)
This advanced course follows the prescribed AP Calculus (AB) syllabus in preparation for the AP Exam. The department carefully selects students for this course, and they must understand that additional responsibilities may be demanded. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
Advanced Placement Calculus BC (Grade 12)
This advanced course follows the prescribed AP Calculus (BC) syllabus in preparation for the AP exam. In addition to topics from the AB Calculus, the BC course will include: integration by parts, partial fractions, Power Series, Taylor Series, radius of convergence and parametric, vector and polar functions. The course is open to students who have successfully completed the AP Calculus (AB) course. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
Introduction To Statistics (Grades 10-12)
This course may be taken by any student who has completed Algebra II or Intermediate Algebra, either as an elective or as a semester component for the mathematics requirement. The topics will include: frequency distributions; statistical descriptions; probability; discrete and normal probability distributions; sampling; inferences and testing; and regressions and correlations. Spring Semester - 1/2 credit.
Select Topics in Precalculus (Grade 12)
Twelfth graders may take this course. The topics will include linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions and a study of their characteristics, graphs, and applications. Fall Semester - 1/2 credit.
SCIENCE
Williams offers a laboratory-based curriculum grounded in the scientific method where students form conclusions about scientific phenomena supported by observable events. Students are introduced to the historical experiments that support current scientific understanding and theory, and engage in hands-on experiences to gain a solid appreciation for the experimental process.
In the Middle School, seventh graders study life science, and eighth graders are introduced to the physical sciences. In the Upper School, the science program leads from Biology, to Chemistry, to Physics with options available in the AP sciences and science electives. The minimum science requirement for all students to graduate from The Williams School is two credits—one credit of Biology, and one credit of a laboratory Physical Science that may be fulfilled by taking either Chemistry/Honors Chemistry or Physics/Honors Physics. Regardless of year of entry or previous preparation, each student must take at least one credit of science at The Williams School before graduating. However, the Science Department strongly encourages every upper school student to complete at least one course in each: Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Most colleges either require or strongly recommend that their applicants have had experience in all three subject areas in order to provide a solid foundation from which students may pursue a variety of academic majors. Environmental Science (grades 11 and 12) is an elective option and does not fulfill the Biology or Physical Science requirements for graduation. AP Science courses—AP Biology, AP Chemistry, and AP Physics—are extremely rigorous and should be selected only by students who have the background, time, and determination to meet the course expectations. Informational meetings for students interested in taking AP Science courses will be held in the spring to provide additional information and to assist students in making appropriate choices.
Middle School Science Courses
Life Science (Grade 7)
Seventh Grade Life Science introduces students to the living world around them through hands-on, interactive activities. This course begins with a unit on ecology that explores interactions between populations and their environment. Students explore the scientific method, cell anatomy, the foundation of inherited traits, evolution, physiology, and the classification of living things. Study skills, note taking, and scientific inquiry are emphasized throughout the year.
Physical Science (Grade 8)
In Eighth Grade Physical Science students explore the basic principles of general chemistry and Newtonian physics through hands-on investigations. The course continues to emphasize the use of the scientific method while incorporating quantitative data analysis and problem solving skills. The fall semester includes a study of matter, the periodic table, atomic theory, and chemical reactions. In the spring, students investigate their physical world through experiments in force, energy, and motion.
Upper School Science Courses
Biology
In Biology, students explore ecological, evolutionary, genetic, and physiological relationships between organisms. Laboratory experiments emphasize the use of the scientific method during investigation of the chemical and physical principles governing biological processes. Completion of Biology is a requirement for graduation.
Chemistry
Chemistry focuses on the fundamental concepts that underlie the physical and chemical behavior of matter. Regular laboratory experiments integrate or complement the abstract concepts presented in class as the students develop scientific lab technique and learn to apply the scientific method. Topics covered are atomic theory, chemical bonding, nomenclature, stoichiometry, kinetics, thermochemistry, acid-base chemistry, equilibrium systems, and electrochemistry. Additional topics may include nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, material science, and chemical engineering. Prerequisite: (10th Grade) Completion of Algebra II; (11th and 12th Grade) Completion of, or concurrent enrollment in, Intermediate Algebra or Algebra II.
Honors Chemistry
Honors Chemistry is available to students who are interested in a more rigorous course of study in chemistry, or who plan to continue their study of chemistry into the AP level. In addition, this course prepares students for the SAT II Chemistry College Board examination. Honors Chemistry covers the same topics as Chemistry, but moves at a faster pace and develops the quantitative and theoretical aspects of each concept in greater depth. All topics listed as additional in the Chemistry (above) are included. Departmental placement is required for students to be enrolled in Honors Chemistry. Prerequisite: Completion of Algebra II.
Physics
Physics focuses on the fundamental concepts behind physics through problem solving at a basic level and investigative laboratory experiments. This course endeavors to provide students as many opportunities as possible to have hands-on experience and do physics. Topics covered are classical mechanics, fluids, heat, sound, light, and electricity and magnetism. Concepts are applied to physics-related developments in technology. This course provides a firm foundation for further study of physics at the college level in the field of humanities, business, or liberal arts. Prerequisite: Completion of Algebra II and Geometry.
Honors Physics
Honors Physics is available to students who plan to continue their study of physics into the AP level and further at the college level in fields of science, medicine, engineering, or technology. It is a comprehensive course of study with in-depth problem solving and a combination of traditional and guided inquiry laboratory investigations. Topics covered are Newtonian mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermal physics, waves, optics, and electricity. Department placement is required for students to be enrolled in Honors Physics. Prerequisite: Completion of Algebra II and Geometry. Concurrent enrollment in Precalculus is highly recommended.
Advanced Placement Science Courses
AP Biology
AP Biology is the equivalent of a one-year college introductory biology course for biology majors. The course covers the conceptual areas of molecular and cellular biology, animal anatomy and physiology heredity and evolution, diversity of life, plant anatomy and physiology, and ecology. The textbook and laboratory experiments emphasize conceptual understanding of the processes of scientific inquiry and application of biological knowledge to real-world applications. The completion of a summer assignment and participation in the AP Exam are course requirements. Students planning to take this course and AP Chemistry are advised to take AP Chemistry first. Department approval is required for students to be enrolled in AP Biology. Prerequisite: Completion of Biology and Chemistry. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
UConn BIOL 1107/1108
Students enrolling in AP Biology may choose to enroll concurrently in the UConn Early College Experience (E.C.E.) program, and earn college credit for two semesters of biology. BIOL 1107/1108 is designed to provide a foundation for more advanced courses in Biology and related sciences. Topics covered include molecular and cell biology, animal anatomy and physiology (BIOL 1107); ecology, evolution, genetics, and plant biology (BIOL 1108). Students must apply to this program separately from enrollment in AP Biology. University of Connecticut registration fees apply ($100 per semester). Late registration or drops will incur a $25 ADD/DROP fee from the University.
AP Chemistry
AP Chemistry is a second–year course equivalent to a college level introductory chemistry course and may lead to advanced college credit or placement. This rigorous and challenging course of study follows the national curriculum integrating of many of the topics introduced in Honors Chemistry to allow problem solving at an even higher level. A significant amount of independent learning is expected and class time is used to complete extensive lab applications and address higher order problems. The completion of a summer assignment and participation in the AP Exam are course requirements. Honors Chemistry is the best preparation for AP Chemistry; highly successful students from Chemistry who receive department approval may enroll, but will be assigned additional summer work. Department approval is required for students to be enrolled in AP Chemistry. Prerequisite: Completion of Honors Chemistry and Algebra II. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
AP-B Physics
AP Physics is a second-year course equivalent to a college level algebra-trigonometry based introductory physics course and may lead to a year of advanced college credit. This is a survey course with aggressively paced in-depth coverage of Newtonian mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermal physics, waves, optics, electricity and magnetism and limited coverage of atomic and nuclear physics. AP Physics focuses heavily on advanced problem solving with a laboratory component that is a combination of traditional labs, inquiry based labs, and open-ended student-designed labs. The completion of a summer assignment and participation in the AP Exam are course requirements. Honors Physics provides the most advantageous preparation for this course. However, highly successful students from Physics who receive department approval may enroll in AP Physics. They will be required to complete a more comprehensive summer assignment than those coming from Honors Physics in preparation for the heightened level of problem-solving they will encounter. Department approval is required for students to be enrolled in AP-B Physics. Prerequisite: Completion of Geometry, Precalculus, and Honors Physics. (Please be advised that an AP Exam fee will apply.)
Science Elective
Environmental Science
Environmental Science is an elective course open to students in grades 11 or 12. Students learn fundamental principles of sustainability and biodiversity and apply them to the analysis of current environmental issues such as resource use and conservation, pollution, global climate change, energy, and the environmental effects of food systems. The course emphasizes field studies, laboratory investigation, analysis of data, and critical evaluation of germane literature. We also partake in long-term projects involving habitat assessment and investigation of local biodiversity. Prerequisite: Students must be in grades 11 or 12 and have completed Biology.
Accounting (Grades 10–12)
Accounting is designed to present the introductory concepts and procedures of double-entry acounting and the accounting cycle. It is a course that presents basic accounting principles that can be applied to both business and non-business applications. Fall Semester only—1/2 credit.